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    Antonella DE ANGELIS

    Insegnamento di FARMACOLOGIA

    Corso di laurea magistrale in SCIENZE INFERMIERISTICHE E OSTETRICHE

    SSD: BIO/14

    CFU: 2,00

    ORE PER UNITÀ DIDATTICA: 20,00

    Periodo di Erogazione: Primo Semestre

    Italiano

    Lingua di insegnamento

    Italiano

    Contenuti

    Farmacologia generale (farmacocinetica, farmacodinamica), farmacologia cellulare e molecolare, farmaci dei sistemi cardiovascolare e nervoso, farmaci degli apparati respiratorio e digerente, farmaci dell’infiammazione, farmaci del metabolismo lipidico, glucidico e proteico, tossicologia, chemioterapici antimicrobici, antineoplastici, farmacovigilanza e farmacoepidemiologia, aspetti regolatori per l’accesso ai farmaci, sperimentazione pre-clinica e clinica dei farmaci.

    Testi di riferimento

    Rossi, Cuomo, Riccardi: Farmacologia. Principi di base e applicazioni terapeutiche (IV Edizione, Minerva Medica).
    Rossi, Cuomo, Riccardi: “Farmacologia per le Professioni Sanitarie”. ( Minerva Medica).

    Obiettivi formativi

    L’insegnamento si propone come obiettivo quello di fornire allo studente un’adeguata conoscenza dei principi generali che regolano l’interazione tra farmaci ed organismi viventi nonché la conoscenza delle diverse classi dei farmaci, dei meccanismi molecolari e cellulari della loro azione e la conoscenza degli impieghi terapeutici dei farmaci nelle varie patologie e dei loro effetti collaterali, la variabilità di risposta farmacologica in rapporto a fattori di genere, genetici e fisiopatologici, le interazioni farmacologiche ed i criteri di definizione degli schemi terapeutici, nonché la conoscenza dei principi e dei metodi della farmacologia clinica, compresa la farmacovigilanza e la farmacoepidemiologia, degli effetti collaterali e della tossicità dei farmaci e delle sostanze d’abuso. Tecnologie biomediche per la valutazione dell’attività e della sicurezza dei farmaci.

    Prerequisiti

    Conoscenza delle discipline biomediche di base e della fisiopatologia.
    Aver sostenuto gli esami propedeutici.

    Metodologie didattiche

    Lezioni frontali
    Lezioni interattive

    Metodi di valutazione

    Esame orale

    Programma del corso

    -Farmacologia Generale Farmacodinamica
    - Farmacocinetica
    - Interazioni tra farmaci

    - Farmaci della Infiammazione
    - Farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei
    - Farmaci antinfiammatori steroidei

    - Chemioterapici antimicrobici
    - Penicilline, cefalosporine e altre β-lattamine
    - Macrolidi, ketolidi e lincosamidi
    - Aminoglucosidi, fluorochinoloni, glicopeptidi e lipopeptidi
    - Amfenicoli, tetracicline e rifamicine
    - Sulfamidici, diaminopirimidine e oxazolidinoni

    - Farmaci per il trattamento dell’asma bronchiale
    - Glucocorticoidi inalatori
    - Broncodilatatori (β-agonisti, anticolinergici, teofillinici)
    - Antileucotrieni
    - Cromoni
    - Nuovi approcci terapeutici

    - Farmaci dell’apparato digerente
    - Farmaci antiacidi
    - Famaci inibitori della secrezione gastrica (anti-istaminici H2, inibitori irreversibili e reversibili della pompa protonica)
    - Farmaci protettori della mucosa gastrointestinale (analoghi delle prostaglandine, sucralfato, sali di bismuto)
    - Farmaci per l’eradicazione dell’Helicobacter pylori
    - Farmaci del cuore
    Farmaci-antiipertensivi
    - Regolazione della pressione arteriosa
    - Diuretici
    - Farmaci del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterone (iACE, sartani, inibitori della renina)
    - Farmaci bloccanti il neurone adrenergico e reserpina
    - Agonisti dei recettori alfa2-adrenerigici (agonisti alfa centrali)
    - Antagonisti dei recettori alfa1-adrenergici (alfa bloccanti)
    - Antagonisti dei recettori beta-adrenergici (beta bloccanti)
    - Bloccanti dei canali del calcio (calcio antagonisti)
    - Vasodilatatori diretti

    - Farmaci del metabolismo
    - Farmaci attivi sull’omeostasi glucidica
    - Nuovi farmaci nel trattamento del diabete
    - Farmaci del sistema delle incretine
    - Inibitori del co-trasportatore renale SGLT2
    - Insuline e analoghi dell’insulina
    - Farmaci del metabolismo lipoproteico

    Farmaci del sistema nervoso
    - Farmaci antipsicotici
    - Classificazione
    - Indicazioni d’uso
    - Reazioni avverse
    - Farmaci per il trattamento dell’ansia e dell’insonnia
    - Disturbi d’ansia
    - Benzodiazepine
    - Ansiolitici non benzodiazepinici
    - Ipnotici non benzodiazepinici
    - Farmaci per il trattamento dei disturbi affettivi
    - Depressione maggiore
    - Disturbo bipolare
    - Farmaci per il trattamento delle epilessie
    - Principali farmaci antiepilettici
    - Farmaci per il trattamento del Parkinson
    - Farmaci per il trattamento della demenza di Alzheimer
    - Farmaci per il trattamento delle malattie muscolari
    - Farmaci per la terapia del dolore
    - Farmaci dell’anestesia generale
    - Anestetici locali
    - Farmaci per il trattamento delle cefalee primitive e per il controllo del vomito
    - Psicostimolanti e nootropi
    - Farmaci biologici/biotecnologici nelle patologie del sistema nervoso

    - Sviluppo e uso dei farmaci al laboratorio alla clinica
    - Farmaci innovativi, farmaci “me too”, farmaci orfani, farmaci generici, farmaci non soggetti a prescrizione medica, dispositivi medici
    - Farmaci biologici/biotecnologici
    - Farmaci biosimilari
    - Sperimentazione preclinica e clinica dei farmaci
    - Comitati etici per la sperimentazione clinica dei farmaci
    - Ricettazione
    - Rete Nazionale di Farmacovigilanza: nuovo regolamento europeo
    - Farmacovigilanza e reazioni avverse
    - Metodi in farmacovigilanza
    - Segnalazione spontanea
    - Studi epidemiologici
    - Banche dati
    - L’analisi del segnale e il ruolo dei Centri Regionali di Farmacovigilanza
    - Elementi di farmacoeconomia (cenni)
    - Principi di farmacoepidemiologia
    - Studi sperimentali
    - Studi osservazionali
    - Principi di terapia genica: vettori e loro applicazioni
    - Aspetti economici della ricerca e sviluppo di nuovi farmaci (cenni)
    - Terapie non convenzionali
    - Metodi di accesso ai farmaci a livello nazionale e internazionale

    English

    Teaching language

    English

    Contents

    General principles of pharmacology (pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics), cellular and molecular pharmacology, pharmacotherapy of cardiovascular system, pharmacotherapy of central nervous system, drugs affecting pulmonary and gastrointestinal functions, blood drugs, pharmacotherapy of renal function, anti-inflammatory agents, drugs of the immune system, drugs affecting lipid, glucose and protein metabolism, doping and substance abuse, chemotherapy of microbial diseases, chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases, pharmacotherapy of endocrine system, toxicology, drug development, pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology, regulatory system for medicines, pre-clinical and clinical drug research.

    Textbook and course materials

    Rossi, Cuomo, Riccardi: Farmacologia. Principi di base e applicazioni terapeutiche (IV Edizione, Minerva Medica).
    Rossi, Cuomo, Riccardi: “Farmacologia per le Professioni Sanitarie”. ( Minerva Medica).

    Course objectives

    The aim of the course is to provide the student with adequate knowledge of the general principles underlying the interaction between drugs and living organisms, the different classes of drugs, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of their action; the therapeutic uses of drugs in various diseases, the variability of pharmacological response in relation to gender, genetic and pathophysiological factors; criteria for drug therapy protocols, principles of clinical pharmacology, including pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology, adverse drug effects, drug toxicity and substance abuse; biomedical technologies for the evaluation of drug activity and safety.

    Prerequisites

    Knowledge of biomedical sciences and pathophysiology

    Teaching methods

    Frontal and interactive teaching

    Evaluation methods

    Oral exam

    Course Syllabus

    1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
    1.1 Basic knowledge about drugs
    1.2 Pharmacodynamics
    - Pharmacological action
    - Mechanisms of drug action
    1.3 Pharmacokinetics
    - Routes of drug administration
    - Drug transfer across cell membranes
    - Absorption and distribution of drugs
    - Drug metabolism
    - Drug excretion
    - Pharmacokinetic analysis
    1.4 Pharmaceutical preparations
    1.5 Diagnostic agents
    - Radiography and computed tomography
    - Echography
    - Magnetic resonance
    - Nuclear medicine
    1.6 Variability in drug response
    - Drug-related factors
    - Patient-related factors
    - Drug-drug interactions
    1.7 Abnormal responses to drugs
    - Idiosyncratic drug reactions
    - Allergic drug reactions
    1.8 Drugs obtained by biotechnological processing
    - Biotechnological drug development
    - Biotechnology and genetic engineering
    - Gene therapy
    - Target therapy
    - Biotechnological drugs in use
    - Vaccines employing biotechnological innovation

    2. CELL AND MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY
    2.1 Receptors and signal transduction pathways
    - Receptors: generalities
    2.2 Receptor classification
    - Membrane receptors
    - Intracellular receptors
    - Receptor modulation
    2.3 Ionic transport
    - Ion channels
    - Pumps and transporters
    2.4 Transmission systems
    - Catecholaminergic transmission
    - Cholinergic transmission
    - Serotoninergic transmission
    - Inhibitory neurotransmissions (GABA and glycine)
    - Excitatory aminoacid neurotransmission
    - Opioid system
    - Neuropeptides
    - Purinergic transmission
    - Histaminergic transmission
    - Pharmacology of nitric oxide
    - Cannabinoid system
    - Vanilloid system

    3. NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
    3.1 Antipsychotic drugs
    - Classification
    - Clinical use
    - Adverse reactions
    3.2 Drug therapy for anxiety and insomnia
    - Anxiety disorders
    - Benzodiazepines
    - Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics
    - Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics
    3.3 Drugs for the treatment of affective disorders
    - Major depressive disorder
    - Bipolar disorder
    3.4 Pharmacotherapy of the epilepsies
    - Main antiepileptic drugs
    3.5 Treatment of Parkinson’s disease
    3.6 Treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    3.7 Pharmacotherapy of muscle diseases
    3.8 Pain management
    3.9 General anesthetics
    3.10 Local anesthetics
    3.11 Treatment of primary headache disorders and nausea/vomiting medications
    3.12 Psychostimulant and nootropic agents
    3.13 Biological/biotechnology drugs for central nervous system disorders

    4. PHARMACOLOGY OF THE BLOOD AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL SYSTEMS
    4.1 Antihypertensive drugs
    - Regulation of arterial pressure
    - Diuretics
    - Drugs of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACEi, sartans, renin inhibitors)
    - Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs and reserpine
    - Alpha2-adrenerigic receptor agonists (central alpha agonists)
    - Alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonists (alpha blockers)
    - Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta blockers)
    - Calcium-channel blockers (calcium antagonists)
    - Direct vasodilators
    4.2 Drugs for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension
    4.3 Pharmacotherapy of ischemic heart disease
    4.4 Pharmacotherapy of heart failure
    4.5 Anti-arrhythmic drugs
    4.6 Drugs for cardiovascular risk reduction
    4.7 Pharmacological treatment of peripheral arterial disease
    4.8 Treatment of shock
    - Hypovolemic shock
    - Cardiogenic shock
    - Septic shock
    - Anaphylactic shock
    - Neurogenic shock
    4.9 Blood, its components and artificial substitutes
    4.10 Antianemic drugs
    4.11 Hemostasis drugs
    4.12 Management of fluid and electrolyte disturbances
    4.13 Stem cells in cardiovascular diseases

    5. PHARMACOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
    5.1 Regulation of the bronchomotor tone
    5.2 Mediators of inflammation
    5.3 Pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma and COPD
    - General aspects
    - Glucocorticoids
    - Bronchodilators
    - Cromones
    - Anti-leukotrienes
    - Anti-allergic drugs
    - Monoclonal antibodies
    - Others
    5.4 Tracheobronchial secretion drugs
    5.5 Drugs for the treatment of cough
    5.6 Respiratory stimulants and pulmonary surfactants
    5.7 Treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
    5.8 Biological/biotechnological drugs in respiratory diseases

    6. PHARMACOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
    6.1 Anti-secretory, mucosal protective antiulcer drugs
    - Antacids
    - Histamine H2-receptor antagonists
    - Muscarinic receptor antagonists
    - Proton pump inhibitors
    - Gastrin receptor antagonists
    - Somatostatin
    - Prostaglandin analogues
    - Other gastroprotective drugs
    - Drugs for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori
    6.2 Emetic and anti-emetic drugs
    6.3 Prokinetic drugs
    6.4 Laxatives and purgatives
    6.5 Anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic drugs
    6.6 Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease
    6.7 Drugs for hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders
    6.8 Modulators of intestinal microbiota

    7. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
    7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
    7.2 Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

    8. CHEMOTHERAPY OF MICROBIAL DISEASES
    8.1 General principles of antimicrobial therapy
    8.2 Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactamines
    8.3 Macrolides, ketolides and lincosamides
    8.4 Aminoglycosides
    8.5 Fluoroquinolones
    8.6 Glycopeptides
    8.7 Amphenicols
    8.8 Tetracycylins and tigecycline
    8.9 Rifamycines
    8.10 Sulfonamides and diaminopirimidines
    8.11 Oxazolidinones
    8.12 Tuberculosis chemotherapy
    8.13 Anti-fungal drugs
    8.14 Anti-protozoal drugs
    8.15 Anti-viral agents
    8.16 Anti-helmintic drugs
    8.17 Ectoparasiticides
    8.18 Antibacterial agents of more recent use
    - Ceftaroline fosamil
    - Ceftobiprolo medocaril
    - Ceftolozane /Tazobactam
    - Lipoglicopeptides
    - Lipopeptides

    9. ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS
    9.1 Alkylating agents
    9.2 Antimetabolites
    9.3 Topoisomerase inhibitors
    9.4 Anti-microtubule drugs
    9.5 Anti-hormonal drugs
    9.6 Chemopreventive drugs
    9.7 Signal transduction inhibitors
    9.8 Cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies
    9.9 Immunotherapy
    9.10 Immune checkpoints inhibitors
    9.11 Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance

    10. IMMUNE SYSTEM MEDICATIONS
    10.1 Immunostimulants
    10.2 Immunosuppressants

    11. METABOLISM DRUGS
    11.1 Treatment of obesity
    11.2 Glucose homeostasis and therapy
    11.3 New drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
    - Drugs affecting the incretin system
    - Renal SGLT2 inhibitors
    11.4 Insulin and analogues
    11.5 Drugs affecting lipoprotein metabolism
    11.6 Anti-hyperuricemia and anti-gout drugs

    12. HORMONES AND DRUGS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (GENERAL ASPECTS)

    13. DRUGS FOR GENITO-URINARY DISORDERS (GENERAL ASPECTS)

    14. DRUGS ACTING ON SENSORY ORGANS (GENERAL ASPECTS)

    15. TOXICOLOGY
    15.1 General principles of toxicology
    15.2 Mechanisms of toxicity
    15.3 Antidotes and drug therapy
    15.4 Toxicological risk assessment
    15.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
    15.6 Neurofunctional teratogenesis
    15.7 Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis

    16. DRUG ADDICTION AND ABUSE
    16.1 Definition and diagnostic criteria
    16.2 Etiology of drug addiction
    16.3 Substance dependence
    - Opiates
    - Alcohol
    - Benzodiazepines
    - GHB
    - Barbiturates
    - Volatile substances
    - Psychological stimulants
    - Hallucinogens
    - Cannabis and derivatives
    - Tobacco
    16.4 New abuse drugs
    16.5 Therapeutic prospects

    17. DOPING DRUGS
    17.1 Doping
    17.2 Doping and drug addiction

    18. DRUG DEVELOPMENT: FROM THE LABORATORY BENCH TO THE MARKET
    18.1 Innovative products, "me too" drugs, orphan drugs, generics, non-prescription medicines, medical devices
    18.2 Biological/biotechnology drugs
    18.3 Biosimilar drugs
    18.4 Pre-clinical and clinical drug research
    18.5 Ethics committees in the regulation of clinical trials
    18.6 Drug prescription
    18.7 New European Union pharmacovigilance legislation
    18.8 Pharmacovigilance and adverse reactions
    18.9 Methods of pharmacovigilance
    - Spontaneous reporting
    - Epidemiology studies
    - Database
    18.10 The role of the Regional Centers of Pharmacovigilance
    18.11 Principles of pharmacoeconomics
    18.12 Principles of pharmacoepidemiology
    - Experimental studies
    - Observational studies
    18.13 Principles of gene therapy: vectors and their applications
    18.14 Economic aspects of research and development of new drugs (general aspects)
    18.15 Unconventional therapies
    18.16 Access to medicines: national and international policies

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