Sabrina ESPOSITO
Insegnamento di BIOCHIMICA GENERALE
Corso di laurea in SCIENZE AMBIENTALI
SSD: BIO/10
CFU: 4,00
ORE PER UNITÀ DIDATTICA: 32,00
Periodo di Erogazione: Secondo Semestre
Italiano
| Lingua di insegnamento | ITALIANO |
| Contenuti | Il corso di Biochimica Generale presenta i seguenti contenuti: - Biochimica strutturale e funzionale: illustrare la struttura delle proteine e loro molteplici funzioni svolte negli organismi viventi; acquisire alcune metodiche impiegate nella estrazione, analisi e purificazione di proteine. - Biochimica metabolica: analizzare le più importanti vie metaboliche di carboidrati, lipidi e proteine ed i meccanismi di tipo ormonale ed allosterico che le regolano. |
| Testi di riferimento | Abali E.E. et al. Le basi della Biochimica. Zanichelli. Stryer L. et al. Biochimica. Zanichelli. Campbell M. e Farrel S. Biochimica. EdiSES. Cox M. Principi di biochimica di Lehninger. Zanichelli. Appunti delle lezioni |
| Obiettivi formativi | Lo studente acquisirà conoscenze su: struttura e funzione delle proteine; metodiche generali per l’estrazione, purificazione e analisi di proteine; principali vie metaboliche dei carboidrati, lipidi e proteine e loro regolazione. |
| Prerequisiti | È fortemente consigliata la conoscenza delle nozioni di Chimica generale ed inorganica, Chimica organica e Biologia. |
| Metodologie didattiche | Il corso è articolato in 32 ore di lezioni in aula. La frequenza del corso non è obbligatoria, ma fortemente consigliata, in quanto aiuta notevolmente lo studente nella comprensione. |
| Metodi di valutazione | La verifica dell’apprendimento è effettuata mediante un esame orale che consiste in almeno tre domande su argomenti indicati nel programma. L’esame è superato se lo studente risponde in modo sufficiente a tutte le domande. Nella valutazione sarà considerata la conoscenza degli argomenti, la chiarezza e l’organicità dell’esposizione, la capacità di fare collegamenti critici tra gli argomenti. Il voto, espresso in trentesimi, contribuirà per 4/12 al voto dell’esame integrato di Biochimica e Genetica (12 CFU), tenendo conto del numero di CFU (6) del modulo di Genetica e (2) del modulo di Biochimica Ambientale e Salute Umana. |
| Altre informazioni | Gli studenti potranno avvalersi delle slide fornite dal docente, nonché di eventuale altro materiale didattico di supporto |
| Programma del corso | 1. PROTEINE |
English
| Teaching language | Italian |
| Contents | The General Biochemistry course covers the following topics: - Structural and functional biochemistry: illustrate the structure of proteins and their multiple functions in living organisms; acquire some methods used in the extraction, analysis, and purification of proteins. - Metabolic biochemistry: analyze the most important metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and the hormonal and allosteric mechanisms that regulate them. |
| Textbook and course materials | Abali E.E. et al. Le basi della Biochimica. Zanichelli. Stryer L. et al. Biochimica. Zanichelli. Campbell M. e Farrel S. Biochimica. EdiSES. Cox M. Principi di biochimica di Lehninger. Zanichelli. Lessons notes |
| Course objectives | Students will acquire knowledge of: protein structure and function; general methods for protein extraction, purification, and analysis; and the main metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and their regulation. |
| Prerequisites | Knowledge of general and inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biology is strongly recommended. |
| Teaching methods | The course consists of 32 hours of classroom lessons. Attendance is not mandatory, but it is strongly recommended, as it significantly enhances student understanding. |
| Evaluation methods | Learning assessment is carried out through an oral exam consisting of at least three questions on topics indicated in the program. The exam is passed if the student answers all the questions sufficiently. The assessment will take into account the knowledge of the topics, the clarity and organicity of the presentation, and the ability to make critical connections between the topics. The grade, expressed in thirtieths, will contribute 4/12 to the grade of the integrated exam in Biochemistry and Genetics (12 CFU), taking into account the number of CFU (6) of the Genetics module and (2) of the Environmental Biochemistry and Human Health module. |
| Other information | Students can use the slides provided by the teacher, as well as any other supporting teaching materials. |
| Course Syllabus | 1. PROTEINS Protein structure. Monomeric units: amino acids. Properties: stereochemistry, optical activity, acid-base properties, light absorption. Main properties of proteins. Levels of structural organisation of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; folding of globular proteins, the bonds involved: hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions. Protein denaturation. Renaturation. Functions of proteins. Fibrous proteins (keratin, collagen, silk fibroin). Globular proteins: oxygen transport proteins myoglobin and haemoglobin. Catalytic proteins: enzymes. Enzymatic catalysis: reaction and substrate specificity; classification of enzymes; coenzymes; the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex; Michaelis-Menten model; meaning and experimental determination of KM and Vmax. Enzyme inhibition. General principles of enzyme regulation: allostery, feedback inhibition, covalent modifications, cascade control, zymogens. Techniques for the purification, analysis and characterisation of proteins: spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, sequencing, mass determination, immunological techniques. 2. ENERGY METABOLISM General concepts of energetics; high-energy compounds. Energy flow in the biosphere. Carbohydrate metabolism. Monosaccharides, structure and properties; monosaccharide derivatives, disaccharides, polysaccharides (structural and reserve). Polysaccharide digestion, absorption. Glycolysis. Complete combustion of carbon atoms and energy production under aerobic conditions. The tricarboxylic acid cycle. Anaplerotic reactions. Oxidative phosphorylation: the elements of the electron transport chain, the mechanism of ATP synthesis. The fermentation pathways of pyruvate: alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation and reoxidation of cytoplasmic NADH. Carbohydrate biosynthesis: gluconeogenesis and its substrates. Degradation and synthesis of glycogen. The pentose phosphate pathway: its significance. Lipid metabolism. Structure and properties of fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols. Digestion, transport, storage and mobilisation of lipids. Degradation of triacylglycerols: b-oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acid biosynthesis: the fatty acid synthase complex. Protein catabolism. Protein digestion and amino acid absorption. Proteolytic enzymes. Destiny of the amino group of amino acids: transamination, oxidative deamination and the urea cycle. Metabolic destiny of the carbon skeleton of amino acids; distinction between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. 3. REGULATION OF METABOLISM: HORMONES AND RECEPTORS Communication between cells mediated by hormones and local signalling molecules. Membrane hormone receptors and signal transduction. G protein-coupled surface receptors and their effectors. Second messengers. Tyrosine kinase receptors. Role of insulin, glucagon and adrenaline in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, mechanisms involved. Intracellular hormone receptors and their effect on transcription. |








